水疱性類天疱瘡
水疱性類天疱瘡(すいほうせいるいてんぽうそう)とは、高齢者に多くみられる自己免疫性の皮膚疾患で、強いかゆみを伴う赤い斑点や大きな水ぶくれ(水疱)が全身にできる病気です。他人にうつることはありません。
自己抗体(自分の身体を攻撃する免疫物質)の影響で、皮膚に水疱(みずぶくれ)ができる病気です。水疱性類天疱瘡によってできる水疱は大きくて固い上に、破れにくいという特徴があります。高齢者に多い病気です。感染症が原因ではないので他人にうつることはありません。水疱性類天疱瘡では悪性腫瘍(がん)が隠れていることがあるので、水疱性類天疱瘡がみつかったときには他の病気が隠れていないかも調べられます。視診(外見を観察する診察)や病理検査、血液検査によって診断が行われ、ステロイド薬(飲み薬と塗り薬)を中心に治療が行われます。重症と考えられる場合には免疫抑制薬や血漿交換法が行われます。大きくて固く破れにくい水疱が身体にできたときは水疱性類天疱瘡の可能性があります。皮膚科を受診してください。
基本的な特徴
病態:皮膚の「表皮」と「真皮」の間にある基底膜のタンパク質(BP180やBP230)を自己抗体が攻撃し、皮膚が剥がれて水疱やびらんを形成する。
患者層:主に60~90代の高齢者に多く、男女差はほとんどない。
感染性:感染症ではないため、人から人へはうつらない。
患者数:日本では推定1万5,000~2万人程度とされ、今後高齢化に伴い増加が予想される。
症状
紅斑(赤い斑点)と大きく硬い水疱が特徴。水疱は破れにくいが、破れるとびらん(ただれ)になる。
強いかゆみを伴う。
粘膜(口腔など)に症状が出ることは少ないが、別の類天疱瘡では粘膜に出る場合もある。
重症化するとびらんから感染症や敗血症を起こし、命に関わることもある。
⚠️ 原因とリスク
自己抗体の異常産生が主因。なぜ抗体が作られるかは未解明。
薬剤誘発:糖尿病治療薬「DPP-4阻害薬」や免疫チェックポイント阻害薬で発症する例が報告されている。
悪性腫瘍との関連:水疱性類天疱瘡患者では悪性腫瘍が隠れていることがあるため、診断時に精査が行われる。
治療
第一選択:副腎皮質ホルモン(ステロイド)の内服や外用。
補助療法:テトラサイクリン+ニコチン酸アミド併用、免疫抑制薬、血漿交換など。
副作用対策として胃薬や骨粗鬆症予防薬を併用することもある。
水疱性類天疱瘡の治療法
ステロイド薬を内服します。その日に新しくできた水疱の数や、皮膚症状の面積などで、軽症・中等症・重症などを診断して、薬の量が決まります。
軽症であれば、抗菌薬のテトラサイクリンとビタミンB群の一種であるニコチン酸アミドを併用して内服するだけで治ることがあります。
中等症から重症であれば、テトラサイクリン、ニコチン酸アミドを併用しながら、ステロイド薬を内服(プレドニゾロン20~30mg/日)します。
非常に重症の場合は、ステロイド薬を大量に点滴するパルス療法、ステロイド薬以外の免疫抑制剤の投与、血液中の血漿だけを交換する血漿交換療法、免疫グロブリン製剤の注射などを行なうことがあります。
ステロイド薬の内服でほとんどの人は治りますが、水疱性類天疱瘡の患者さんは高齢者が多いため、長期の内服に伴う合併症によって命にかかわることがあります。
まとめ
水疱性類天疱瘡は 自己免疫の異常によって皮膚に強いかゆみと水疱を生じる難病 であり、高齢者に多いが感染症ではないため人にうつらないのが特徴です。治療はステロイドを中心に行われ、薬剤や悪性腫瘍との関連も考慮されます。
類天疱瘡で最も患者さんの多い病型は「水疱性類天疱瘡」です。水疱性類天疱瘡の患者さんは高齢者に多く、最近の日本の高齢化により、さらに多くの患者さんがいると考えられます。年齢的には60歳以上、特に70~90歳台の高齢者にみられます。まれに18歳以下の若年者および小児にもみられます。
他に、口や目などの粘膜を主体に症状が出現する「粘膜類天疱瘡」や、自己抗体の標的が水疱性類天疱瘡と異なる「後天性表皮水疱症」があります。「水疱性類天疱瘡」、「粘膜類天疱瘡」、「後天性表皮水疱症」の3疾患は厚生労働省の指定難病に認定されています(詳細後述)。
その他に稀な病型として、妊娠性類天疱瘡、抗p200類天疱瘡、疱疹状皮膚炎、線状IgA水疱性皮膚症、IgM類天疱瘡があります。
PATHOGENESIS
BP is characterized by autoantibodies that recognize self-antigens at the basement membrane zone (BMZ), known as BP180 (180kDa) or BPAG2, and BP230 (230kDa) or BPAG1. Both antigens are key components of the hemidesmosome, which is responsible for the adhesion between the epidermis and dermis.3
BP230 is an intracellular component of the hemidesmosome that belongs to the plakin family of proteins. IgG autoantibodies react against globular C-terminal domains of BP230.3
BP180 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of nearly 1,500 amino acids with an extracellular domain - NC16A - the main antigenic epitope in BP. In addition to NC16A, patients with BP also develop IgG autoantibodies directed against other epitopes; reactivity against C-terminal and intracellular epitopes are related to mucosal involvement during the early stages of the disease.3
Once anti-NC16A autoantibodies bind to BP180, several pathways are activated, including complement activation and deposition, neutrophilic chemotaxis with release of proteases and elastases that promote the disruption of the BMZ leading to blister formation.2
IgG1 and IgG3 are the predominant circulating anti-NC16A IgG subclasses followed by IgG4. Studies performed in skin sections of humanized NC16A mice demonstrated that both IgG1 and IgG3 are able to bind to the BMZ and fix complement. On the other hand, concomitant incubation with IgG4 promotes its deposition at the BMZ and prevents IgG1 binding thus inhibiting complement fixation, neutrophil chemotaxis and blister formation. Similar results were obtained with the injection of anti-NC16A IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 into humanized NC16A mice.10
Disease activity correlates with circulating levels of anti-BP180 IgG and potentially to serum levels of anti-BP180 IgE.11Anti-BP180 IgA and IgE have also been described. Xenograft mice models of human skin injected with hybridomas containing IgE against LABD97 or IgE isolated from patients with BP develop intense dermal infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells with disruption of the BMZ and subepidermal detachment.12 Eosinophilic infiltration is a main histopathologic finding in BP. Lin et al. demonstrated in a humanized IgE receptor mouse model that eosinophils are necessary for IgE-mediated blister formation in BP, providing the cellular link between IgE autoantibodies and skin lesions in the murine model.13
Messingham et al. proposed two IgE-mediated mechanisms of blister formation: IgE may interact with the FcεRI receptors on mast cells and promote their cross-linking through binding of the NC16A domain of BP180, followed by the degranulation of histamine and cytokines and chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils; in addition, IgE may also bind directly to the NC16A domain of BP180 expressed on keratinocytes; the internalization of this immune complex leads to the release of IL-6 and IL-8, which recruit additional immune cells.14 There is no report of consistent association between serum levels of anti-BP180 IgE and a specific clinical manifestation of BP such as the presence of urticarial lesions.11
Neurologic disorders and BP
Both BP and neurological diseases affect elderly individuals with multiple comorbidities under the use of several medications, and epidemiological studies provided evidence that their coexistence is not coincidental. A systematic review with meta-analysis evaluated 14 studies with 23,369 BP patients and 128,697 controls. This review indicates that BP patients are 5 times more prone to develop any neurologic disorder, mainly multiple sclerosis, dementia, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and stroke, which usually precedes the onset of BP by 5.5 years.15 Multiple sclerosis has the highest association, with a 5-12 time risk of development of BP.15,16
The pathogenic processes that link the development of BP and neurologic disorders are not fully understood. Experimental studies demonstrated that bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1 and BPAG2) are expressed in the skin and central nervous system.17 It is believed that an insult to the central nervous system may trigger the exposure of antigens such as neuronal BP180 followed by the synthesis of anti-BP180 IgG. Levels of circulating anti-BP180 autoantibodies even correlate with the severity of dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease.18 Due to an epitope-spreading phenomenon, these neuronal autoantibodies may also cross-react with cutaneous BP180 and precipitate the onset of BP.19,20
Malignancies in BP
The association of malignancies and BP have conflicting data. A Japanese study with 1,113 BP patients showed 5.8% of malignancies (gastric, colorectal, lung prostate and uterine cancers and lymphomas), higher than the expected for age-matched controls.21 Another Japanese review of 115 BP patients revealed 10.4% of internal malignancies (gastric, colorectal, renal, bladder, prostate, laryngeal, lung and breast cancers), higher than the expected incidence for the general Japanese population.22 A Singapore study with 359 BP patients showed no increased incidence of malignancies.23 A German study with 8.3 million subjects showed 6.7% of hematologic malignancies (Hodgkin lymphoma, non-follicular lymphoma, mature T/NK-cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloid leukemia, and other leukemias) in 1,743 BP patients with no association with non-hematologic malignancies.24
A systematic review and meta-analysis of BP and malignancies including 8 studies (1 retrospective cohort, 2 case-controls and 5 cross-sectional studies) found no association of BP with overall malignancy; however, a possible association with hematologic malignancies was observed.25 An English study in a cohort of 2,873,720 individuals with malignant neoplasms showed no overall greater risk of concurrent or subsequent BP than individuals with no record of cancer. However, in sub-cohorts of individuals with either kidney/laryngeal cancer or lymphoid leukemia there was elevated risk for BP.26
Thrombotic risk and BP
BP is an autoimmune condition that promotes a dysregulated immune response mediated by Th1 and Th2 cells, with increased synthesis of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-15.3 Such pro-inflammatory cytokines induce a systemic response with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and E-selectin resulting in endothelial cell activation.27 Additionally, BP patients with active lesions exhibit increased circulating levels of D-dimer and prothrombin and overexpression of tissue factor in lesional skin that return to normal levels upon disease control.28 Tissue factor is protein expressed in eosinophils that binds the factor VIIa and acts as a key activator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway.29 This prothrombotic state during BP activity translates into an increased risk of thromboembolic events including pulmonary embolism (adjusted OR 3.12) and stroke (adjusted OR 2.37) in comparison to age-matched controls.30,31




